Aghamohammadi E, Fattahi M. (2025). "China’s oceanic emergence: From Admiral Zheng He’s strategy to the String of Pearls doctrine".
Journal of Countries Studies. 3(3): 551-581.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jcountst.2025.388350.1221.
Agius C, Devine K. (2011). "'Neutrality: A really dead concept?' A reprise".
Cooperation and Conflict. 46(3): 265-284.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836711416955.
Ali G. (2025). "China’s visa-free diplomacy".
The Diplomat.
https://thediplomat.com/2025/07/chinas-visa-free-diplomacy/.
Alterman JB. (2024). "Jon alterman in survival: The 'China Model' in the Middle East".
Center for Strategic & International Studies.
https://www.csis.org/analysis/jon-alterman-survival-china-model-middle-east.
Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. (2018). "US-Qatar strategic dialogue: Prospects for cooperation and progress".
https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/PoliticalStudies/Pages/US-Qatari-Strategic-Dialogue-Messages-and-Dimensions.aspx.
Arab News. (2022). "Biden to meet Qatar leader as Europe energy crisis looms". January 31.
https://arab.news/7nybg.
Badad O. (2025). "Negotiating narratives: Media framing of the US-Taliban Qatari mediation".
Journal of Peacebuilding & Development. https://doi.org/10.1177/15423166251355719.
Bakir A, Al-Shamari N. (2025). "The art of hedging: Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE manoeuvres amid US-China great power competition".
Third World Quarterly. 46(7): 773-794.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2025.2509574.
Beach D, Pedersen R. (2019).
Process-Tracing Methods: Foundations and Guidelines. University of Michigan Press.
https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10072208.
Blanchard CM. (2025).
Yemen: Conflict, Red Sea Attacks, and U.S. Policy. Library of Congress.
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF12581.
Calabrese J. (2019). "The Huawei Wars and the 5G Revolution in the Gulf". Middle East Institute.
https://www.mei.edu/publications/huawei-wars-and-5g-revolution-gulf.
Carter N, Bryant-Lukosius D, DiCenso A, Blythe J, Neville AJ. (2014). "The use of triangulation in qualitative research".
Oncology Nursing Forum. 41(5): 545-547.
https://doi.org/10.1188/14.ONF.545-547.
CGEP: Center on Global Energy Policy. (2023). "Unpacking the recent China-Qatar LNG deals". Columbia University SIPA.
https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/unpacking-the-recent-china-qatar-lng-deals/.
Chaziza M. (2020). "China–Qatar strategic partnership and the realization of One Belt, One Road initiative".
China Report. 56(1): 78-102.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445519895612.
Ciorciari JD, Haacke J. (2019). "Hedging in international relations: An introduction".
International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. 19(3): 367-374.
https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcz017.
CNN. (2024). "US quietly reaches agreement with Qatar to keep operating largest military base in Middle East".
https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/02/politics/us-qatar-agreement-largest-base-middle-east.
Cohen Z. (2021). "
CNN Exclusive: US intel and satellite images show Saudi Arabia is now building its own ballistic missiles with help of China".
CNN. December 23.
https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/23/politics/saudi-ballistic-missiles-china.
David SR. (1991). "Explaining third world alignment".
World Politics. 43(2): 233-256.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2010472.
Eshel T. (2017). "Qatar Acquires Ballistic Missiles from China". December 18.
https://defense-update.com/20171218_qatar_sy400.html.
Fairclough N. (2013).
Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. 2nd ed. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315834368.
Figiaconi F. (2025). "Choosing not to choose: Hedging as a category of neutrality".
European Journal of International Security. 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.1017/eis.2025.10009.
Fulton J. (2020). "China in the Persian Gulf: Hedging under the US umbrella". In Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics. Routledge.
Gaens B, Sinkkonen V, Vogt H. (2023). "Connectivity and Order: An analytical framework".
East Asia. 40(3): 209-228.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-023-09401-z.
Gambrell J. (2023). "Iran, Saudi Arabia agree to resume ties, with China’s help".
AP News. March 11.
https://apnews.com/article/saudi-arabia-iran-diplomatic-ties-2f80bb71a995910cb4b172e5dbee3526.
George AL, Bennett A. (2005). Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. MIT Press.
Goetschel L. (1999). "Neutrality, a really dead concept?".
Cooperation and Conflict. 34(2): 115-139.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00108369921961807.
Goh E. (2008). "Great powers and hierarchical order in Southeast Asia: Analyzing regional security strategies".
International Security. 32(3): 113-157.
https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2008.32.3.113.
---------------. (2007). "Southeast Asian perspectives on the China challenge".
Journal of Strategic Studies. 30(4-5): 809-832.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390701431915.
Grzelczyk V. (2019). "From balancing to bandwagoning: Evaluating the impact of the sanction regime on North Korea? Africa Relationships".
North Korean Review. 15(1): 9-33.
https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/39060/1/_OA_Virginie_Grzelczyk_NKR_DPRK_Africa_2nd_version_Clear.pdf.
Hafeznia M, Agnew J, Malekshah MR, Ahmadi MS, Furtek M. (2026). "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): A link between geoeconomics and geopolitics in South Asia".
Journal of Countries Studies. 4(1): 31-67.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jcountst.2025.398142.1316.
Hamdi S, Salman M. (2020). "The Hedging Strategy of Small Arab Gulf States".
Asian Politics & Policy. 12(2): 127-152.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12528.
Hassanein H. (2019).
Arab States Give China a Pass on Uyghur Crackdown. The Washington Institute.
https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/arab-states-give-china-pass-uyghur-crackdown.
Hoh A. (2019). "China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia and the Middle East".
Digest of Middle East Studies. 28(2): 241-276.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12191.
Kabbani N. (2021). "The blockade on Qatar helped strengthen its economy, paving the way to stronger regional integration". Brookings Institution.
https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-blockade-on-qatar-helped-strengthen-its-economy-paving-the-way-to-stronger-regional-integration/.
Kamrava M. (2015).
Qatar: Small State, Big Politics. Cornell University Press.
https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801454318.
Karsh E. (2012).
Neutrality and Small States. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203721308.
Katzman K. (2022). "Qatar: Governance, security, and U.S. policy".
Congressional Research Service.
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R44533.
Kawasaki T. (2021). "Hedging against China: Formulating Canada’s new strategy in the era of power politics".
Canadian Foreign Policy Journal. 27(2): 175-193.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2021.1901755.
Kinninmont J. (2024). "The Gulf divided: The impact of the Qatar crisis".
Chatham House.
https://www.chathamhouse.org/2019/05/gulf-divided-impact-qatar-crisis.
Korolev A. (2019). "Shrinking room for hedging: System-unit dynamics and behavior of smaller powers".
International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. 19(3): 419-452.
https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcz011.
Kuik CC. (2021). "Getting hedging right: A small-state perspective".
China International Strategy Review. 3(2): 300-315.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42533-021-00089-5.
---------------. (2016). "How do weaker states hedge? Unpacking ASEAN states’ alignment behavior towards China".
Journal of Contemporary China. 25(100): 500-514.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2015.1132714.
---------------. (2008). "The essence of hedging: malaysia and singapore’s response to a rising China".
Contemporary Southeast Asia. 30(2): 159-185.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/41220503.
Levick L, Schulz CA. (2020). "Soft balancing, binding or bandwagoning? Understanding institutional responses to power disparities in the Americas".
Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique. 53(3): 521-539.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000220.
Lim DJ, Cooper Z. (2015). "Reassessing hedging: The logic of alignment in East Asia".
Security Studies. 24(4): 696-727.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2015.1103130.
Liu L, Huang Y, Jin J. (2022). "China’s vaccine diplomacy and its implications for global health governance".
Healthcare. 10(7):1276.
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071276.
Mills A, Al-Mughrab, N. (2024). "Negotiators seek Gaza ceasefire deal in Qatar talks as death toll surpasses 40,000".
Reuters. August 15.
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-spy-chief-due-qatar-new-round-gaza-ceasefire-talks-2024-08-15/.
Mills A, Hafezi P, Cornwell A, Cornwell A. (2025). "Iran fires missiles at US base in Qatar, Trump calls for peace".
Reuters. June 23.
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-weighs-retaliation-against-us-strikes-nuclear-sites-2025-06-23/.
Milton S, Elkahlout G. (2024). "Qatar’s multifaceted humanitarian role in Afghanistan since August 2021".
Development Policy Review. 43(1): e12793.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12793.
Mitzer S, Oliemans J. (2021). "Qatar’s purchase of BP-12A SRBMs: A guppy sprouts teeth".
Oryx.
https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/03/qatars-purchase-of-bp-12a-srbms-guppy.html.
Niu S, Wang D. (2024). “'From Jingjing and Sihai to Suhail and Thuraya': China’s Panda Diplomacy towards Qatar".
China: An International Journal. 22(3): 73-92.
https://doi.org/10.56159/chn.2024.a936309.
Obaidullah M, Hossain M. (2025). “China’s soft power strategy in the Middle East and East Asia: A comparative analysis”. In A.A. Ullah (Ed.).
Handbook of Migration, International Relations and Security in Asia (Handbooks in Asian Studies). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8001-7_17-1.
Paul TV. (2005). "Soft balancing in the age of U.S. primacy".
International Security. 30(1): 46-71.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4137458.
Rakhmat MZ. (2015). "China, Qatar, and RMB internationalization".
The Diplomat.
https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/china-qatar-and-rmb-internationalization/.
Ramani S. (2017). "China’s growing security relationship with Qatar".
The Diplomat.
https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/chinas-growing-security-relationship-with-qatar/.
--------------. (2025b). "What are the main US military bases in the Middle East?". June 22.
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-military-facilities-middle-east-2025-06-22/.
--------------. (2023a). "Qatar does not see its relationship with China damaging the US, prime minister says". August 25.
https://www.reuters.com/world/qatar-does-not-see-its-relationship-with-china-damaging-us-pm-2023-08-25/.
--------------. (2023b). "China’s Huawei opens cloud data centre in Saudi Arabia in regional push". September 4.
https://www.reuters.com/technology/chinas-huawei-opens-cloud-data-centre-saudi-arabia-regional-push-2023-09-04/.
Roberts DB. (2017). Qatar: Securing the Global Ambitions of a City-State. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.
Sahraie A. (2025). "Identifying and explaining the main drivers affecting the Yemeni crisis".
Journal of Countries Studies. 3(3): 613-644.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jcountst.2025.388919.1227.
Salami M. (2021). "Navigating influence in Afghanistan: The cases of Qatar and Pakistan".
The Washington Institute.
https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/navigating-influence-afghanistan-cases-qatar-and-pakistan.
Schweller RL. (2016). "The balance of power in world politics". In
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.119.
Shambaugh D. (2020). Where Great Powers Meet: America and China in Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press.
Shear MD. (2022). "Biden designates Qatar as a major non-NATO ally.
The New York Times. January 31.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/31/us/politics/biden-qatar-nato.html.
Shojaie A, Bahrami Moghadam S. (2025). "The security strategies of the German trading state after the Ukraine war".
Journal of Countries Studies. 3(3): 529–550.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jcountst.2025.387935.1223.
Sim LC, Griffiths S. (2024). "Renewable energy supply chains between China and the Gulf states: Resilient or vulnerable?".
Energy Strategy Reviews. 56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101605.
Soliman M. (2022). "The Gulf has a 5G conundrum and Open RAN is the key to its tech sovereignty". Middle East Institute.
https://www.mei.edu/publications/gulf-has-5g-conundrum-and-open-ran-key-its-tech-sovereignty.
Steinberg G. (2023). "Qatar’s foreign policy: Decision-making processes, baselines, and strategies". In
SWP Research Paper 4/2023 (Version 1). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
https://doi.org/10.18449/2023RP04.
Tahir F, Ajjur SB, Serdar MZ, Al-Humaiqani M, Kim D, Al-Thani S, Al-Ghamdi G. (2021).
Qatar Climate Change Conference 2021: A Platform for Addressing Key Climate Change Topics Facing Qatar and the World. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press).
https://doi.org/10.5339/conf_proceed_qccc2021.
Ullah AA. (2024). "The emergence of Qatar’s diplomacy in a complex world: Balancing soft power in regional affairs".
World Affairs. 187(4): 532-544.
https://doi.org/10.1002/waf2.12051.
Ulrichsen KC. (2020). Qatar and the Gulf Crisis. Oxford University Press.
Vakil S, Quilliam N. (2023).
The Abraham Accords and Israel–UAE Normalization. Chatham House.
https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/03/abraham-accords-and-israel-uae-normalization.
Waltz KN. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
Wivel A. (2008). "Balancing against threats or bandwagoning with power? Europe and the transatlantic relationship after the Cold War".
Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 21(3): 289-305.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570802253419.
Worrall J. (2021). “'Switzerland of Arabia': Omani foreign policy and mediation efforts in the Middle East".
The International Spectator. 56(4): 134-150.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2021.1996004.
WTO. (2024). "WTO Tariff and Trade Data". Official Global Trade Databas
e.
https://ttd.wto.org/en/profiles/qatar.
Zreik M. (2025). "Qatar’s role in the Belt and Road initiative and its economic significance". In M. Zreik (Ed.).
Qatar’s Role in China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Bridging Two Economic Titans (pp. 79–103). Springer Nature Switzerland.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-90502-5_5.
