ADGM: Abu Dhabi Global Market. (2024).
Digital Finance Governance and Fintech Ecosystem Developments.
https://www.adgm.com/business-areas/fintech.
Alaali HM. (2025). “The DFAS-FEP protocol: A global governance standard for responsible AI use and authorship integrity in financial modelling. SSRN.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5260517.
Bahrain Economic Development Board. (2023).
Bahrain Fintech Ecosystem Report. Bahrain EDB.
https://www.bahrainedb.com.
BIS: Bank for International Settlements. (2024).
Artificial Intelligence and Financial Stability: Governance, Supervision, and Operational Resilience.
https://www.bis.org.
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2011).
Supervisory Guidance on Model Risk Management (SR 11-7). Federal Reserve System.
https://www.federalreserve.gov/supervisionreg/srletters/sr1107.htm.
Burrell J. (2016). “How the machine ‘thinks’: Understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms”.
Big Data & Society. 3(1): 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715622512.
Cath C. (2018). “Governing artificial intelligence: Ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges”.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 376(2133): 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0080.
CBB: Central Bank of Bahrain. (2024).
Financial Innovation and Digital Banking Governance Developments.
https://www.cbb.gov.bh.
DIFC: Dubai International Financial Centre. (2024).
AI, Fintech, and Digital Finance Ecosystem Report.
https://www.difc.ae.
European Commission. (2024).
EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Regulatory Framework Overview.
https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai.
FSB: Financial Stability Board. (2023).
The Financial Stability Implications of Artificial Intelligence.
https://www.fsb.org.
Fuster A, Goldsmith-Pinkham P, Ramadorai T, Walther A. (2022). “Predictably unequal? The effects of machine learning on credit markets”.
The Journal of Finance. 77(1): 5-47.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.13090.
Gregor S, Hevner AR. (2013). “Positioning and presenting design science research for maximum impact”.
MIS Quarterly. 37(2): 337-355.
https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2013/37.2.01.
IMF: International Monetary Fund. (2024).
Artificial Intelligence and Financial Supervision in Emerging Markets.
https://www.imf.org.
Jaakkola E. (2020). “Designing conceptual articles: Four approaches”.
AMS Review. 10(1–2): 18-26.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-020-00161-0.
Jensen MC, Meckling WH. (1976). “Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure”.
Journal of Financial Economics. 3(4): 305-360.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X.
Kirilenko AA, Lo AW. (2013). “Moore’s law versus Murphy’s law: Algorithmic trading and its discontents”.
Journal of Economic Perspectives. 27(2): 51-72.
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.2.51.
MAS: Monetary Authority of Singapore. (2023a).
AI Governance and Supervisory Technology Initiatives.
https://www.mas.gov.sg.
--------------. (2023b).
FEAT Principles and Veritas Governance Initiatives.
https://www.mas.gov.sg.
Mittelstadt BD, Russell C, Wachter S. (2019). “Explaining explanations in AI”. In
Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 279-288). Association for Computing Machinery.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287574.
Morley J, Floridi L, Kinsey L, Elhalal A. (2021). “From what to how: An initial review of publicly available AI ethics tools, methods and research to translate principles into practices”.
Science and Engineering Ethics. 27(6): 1-39.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00165-5.
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2023).
AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). U.S. Department of Commerce.
https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework.
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021).
OECD AI Principles Overview.
https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles.
Raji ID, Smart A, White RN, Mitchell M, Gebru T, Hutchinson B, Smith-Loud J, Theron D, Barnes P. (2020). “Closing the AI accountability gap: Defining an end-to-end framework for internal algorithmic auditing”. In
Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 33–44). Association for Computing Machinery.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372873.
RBI: Reserve Bank of India. (2024).
Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2023–24.
https://www.rbi.org.in.
SAMA: Saudi Central Bank. (2024).
Financial Sector Digital Transformation and AI Governance Initiatives.
https://www.sama.gov.sa.
UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2023).
Digital Economy Report 2023: Cross-Border Data Governance and Digital Sovereignty. United Nations.
https://unctad.org/publication/digital-economy-report-2023.
UNESCO. (2021).
Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence.
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137.
von Bertalanffy L. (1968). General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. George Braziller.
Wiener N. (1948). Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press.
