Adeso & Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC. (n.d.). “Guidelines: How to use Hawala in Somalia”.
https://www.calpnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Adeso-Guidelines-on-Hawala-May-2012_Final.pdf. (accessed 23 October 2024)
Al-Jazeera. (2022). “Nakba Day: What happened in Palestine in 1948?”. May 15.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/15/nakba-mapping-palestinian-villages-destroyed-by-israel-in-1948. (accessed 24 October 2024)
Amnesty International. (2024). “States must reverse cruel decision to withdraw UNRWA funding”.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/01/israel-opt-states-must-reverse-cruel-decision-to-withdraw-unrwa-funding/. (accessed 18 October 2025)
Arora S. (2023). “Hawala. Wall Street Oasis”.
https://www.wallstreetoasis.com/resources/skills/finance/hawala. (accessed 23 October 2025)
Asatiani, A. (2024).
Never Again: A Failed United Nations' Commitment or a Historical Possibility to Suppress Gravest International Crimes?. Doctoral dissertation, Vilniaus universitetas
. https://epublications.vu.lt/object/elaba:191367489/index.html. (accessed 23 October 2025)
Casey MJ, Vigna P. (2018). The Truth Machine: The Blockchain and the Future of Everything. Macmillan.
CNN. (2023). “Israel formally declares war against Hamas as it battles to push militants off its soil”. October 8.
https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/08/middleeast/israel-gaza-attack-hostages-response-intl-hnk/index.html. (accessed 23 November 2025)
Crosby M, Nachiappan PS, Pattanayak P, Verma S, Kalyanaraman V. (2016). “Blockchain technology: Beyond Bitcoin”.
Applied Innovation. 2(6): 71-81.
https://j2-capital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AIR-2016-Blockchain.pdf. (accessed 23 October 2025)
Dikio D. (2024). “Hawala: Meaning, origins and occurrence in today’s world”.
Supermoney.
https://www.supermoney.com/encyclopedia/hawala. (accessed 23 December 2025)
El Qorchi M, Maimbo SM, Wilson JF. (2003). “Informal funds transfer systems: An analysis of the informal Hawala system”.
International Monetary Fund Occasional Paper.
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/op/222/index.htm. (accessed 23 January 2026)
Feiler G. (2007). “Islamic terror funding mechanisms”. In
The Globalization of Terror Funding (pp. 28-42). Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep04720.6. (accessed 23 January 2026)
Freeman M, Ruehsen M. (2013). “Terrorism financing methods: An overview. Perspectives on Terrorism”, 7(4): 5-26.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/26296981.
GiveTrack. (2021). “Emergency hunger relief in South Africa”.
Givetrack: The Future of Philanthropy Built upon Bitcoin and Blockchain.
https://www.givetrack.org/project-details/91/Emergency-Hunger-Relief-in-South-Africa. (accessed 23 February 2026)
Habjouqa D, Clendinning J. (n.d). “Hawala: Ancient money transfer system poses modern risk”.
Dow Jones.
https://www.dowjones.com/professional/risk/resources/risk-blog/hawala-risks. (accessed 23 February 2026)
Haddad H. (2024). “WFP Building Blocks taps blockchain to make positive difference. London Blockchain Conference”.
CoinGeek. April 13.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCvyF1__-40. (accessed 23 February 2026)
Human Rights Watch. (2023a). “Israel: Starvation used as weapon of war in Gaza: Evidence indicates civilians deliberately denied access to food, water”. December 18.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza. (accessed 15 February 2026)
---------------. (2023b). “Israel: White phosphorus used in Gaza, Lebanon: Use in populated areas poses grave risks to civilians”. October 12.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/12/israel-white-phosphorus-used-gaza-lebanon. (accessed 25 February 2026)
Integrated Food Security Phase Classification. (2023). “Gaza Strip: Acute food insecurity situation for 24 November - 7 December 2023 and projection for 8 December 2023 - 7 February 2024: Hostilities leave the entire population highly food insecure and at risk of famine”.
https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1156749/?iso3=PSE. (accessed 24 February 2026)
Khairulrijal R. (2024). “Aman Palestin funds scandal: Trio charged with 126 counts of corruption worth RM39.53 million”.
New Straits Times. February 15.
https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2024/02/1013622/aman-palestin%C2%A0funds-scandal-trio-charged-126-counts%C2%A0-corruption. (accessed 15 February 2026)
Malaysia Now. (2024). “Malaysians lend a hand to Palestinians with cryptocurrency”.
https://www.malaysianow.com/news/2021/05/24/malaysians-lend-a-hand-to-palestinians-with-cryptocurrency. (accessed 23 February 2026)
Martin M. (2009). “Hundi/Hawala: The problem of definition”.
Modern Asian Studies. 43(4): 909-937.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/40284915. (accessed 23 February 2026)
MyCARE. (2024). “Support our campaign by donating”.
https://www.mycare.org.my/donate/.
(accessed 23 February 2026)
Passas N. (2005). “Formalizing the informal? Problems in the national and international regulation of Hawala”.
https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781589064232/ch02.xml. (accessed 23 February 2026)
---------------. (2003). “Hawala and other informal value transfer systems: How to regulate them?”.
Risk Management. 5(2): 49-59.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3867818. (accessed 23 February 2026)
Redin DM, Calderon R, Ferrero I. (2014). “Exploring the ethical dimension of Hawala”.
Journal of Business Ethics. 124(2): 327–337.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24033272. (accessed 23 February 2026)
Relief Web. (2023). “October 2023 in Gaza: The deadliest month in a twenty-first century war?”.
https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/october-2023-gaza-deadliest-month-twenty-first-century-war-enar. (accessed 6 February 2026)
Salisu MS. (2023). “How blockchain technology is being used to tackle social and humanitarian issues, such as poverty, corruption and human rights abuses”.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-blockchain-technology-being-used-tackle-social-issues-salisu-. (accessed 9 February 2026).
SharLife. (2024). “How it works”.
https://sharlife.my/palestine/donate. (accessed 23 February 2026)
Smith CD. (2010). Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
Spagat M, Pedersen J, Shikaki K, Robbins M, Bendavid E, Hegre H, Guha-Sapir D. (2026). “Violent and non-violent death tolls for the Gaza conflict: new primary evidence from a population-representative field survey.”
The Lancet Global Health. 14(4).
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(25)00522-4.
The Star. (2024). “Amendment to act necessary to combat Hawala activities, says Deputy Finance Minister”. March 26.
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/03/26/amendment-to-act-necessary-to-combat-hawala-activities-says-deputy-finance-minister. (accessed 23 February 2026)
Swan M. (2015). Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. O'Reilly Media.
Tapscott D, Tapscott A. (2016). Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business and the World. Portfolio.
The Times of Israel. (2024). “Israel reveals 12 UNRWA staffers it says took part in Oct. 7, says 30 more assisted”.
https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-reveals-12-unrwa-staffers-it-says-took-part-in-oct-7-says-30-more-assisted/. (accessed 23 February 2026)
UNESCWA. (2022). “United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia: Palestine under occupation III: Mapping Israel’s policies and practices and their economic repercussions in the occupied Palestinian territory”.
https://www.unescwa.org/sites/default/files/pubs/pdf/mapping-israel-policies-economic-repercussions-occupied-palestinian-territory-english_2.pdf. (accessed 23 February 2026)
UNHCR. (2023). “UNHCR wins award for innovative use of blockchain solutions to provide cash to forcibly displaced in Ukraine”.
https://www.unhcr.org/my/news/press-releases/unhcr-wins-award-innovative-use-blockchain-solutions-provide-cash-forcibly. (accessed 23 February 2026)
United Nation. (2026). “How the Building Blocks blockchain network is transforming humanitarian aid”.
UN Innovation Network. February 28.
https://www.uninnovation.network/blog/how-the-building-blocks-blockchain-network-is-transforming-humanitarian-aid.
United Nations General Assembly. (2010). “Human Rights Council, Fifteenth session, Report of the international fact-finding mission to investigate violations of international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law, resulting from the Israeli attacks on the flotilla of ships carrying humanitarian assistance”. A/HRC/15/21, 27 September.
https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g10/164/86/pdf/g1016486.pdf?token=1shmxt35EWFWBvEJ0T&fe=true. (accessed 23 February 2026)
---------------. (1947). “Resolution 181 (Partition Plan)”.
https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/All-UN-Resolutions.pdf. (accessed 23 February 2026)
Wang JR. (2010). Regulation of Informal Value Transfer Systems. Oslo: PRIO.
WFP. (n.d.). “Blockchain network for humanitarian assistance”. Innovation Accelerator.
https://innovation.wfp.org/project/building-blocks. (accessed April 12, 2026)
Yarom J. (2015). “Tunnel funds”.
https://www.jpost.com/opinion/tunnel-funds-404841. (accessed 23 February 2026).