Waiting for Godot: A requiem for cultural paralysis in post-independence Ireland

Document Type : Original

Author

Department of English, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Among scholars of Irish culture, literature and politics, Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot is a multimodal apparatus; the significance of the use of the concept of anticipation and waiting is twofold: on the one hand, it is a reminder of the national effort to discard intellectual exploitation and to re-imagine the national identity after the revolution and independence of Ireland in 1921 and to dismantle the yoke of British colonialism after 800 years. And on the other, it signifies the continuation of political stagnation, cultural paralysis, and the expansion of the broad lord-servant policy along the internal regulations of the provisional and independent government, from 1922 to early 1950. This article analyzes the logic of anticipation and waiting as a structural feature of colonialism in the direction of exploiting nations, and examines the determining role of the concept of opacity in removing the structure of colonialism, and ultimately achieving the independence of the Irish. Opacity, according to this article, appears as a cultural veil that stands between the structure of colonial subjugation, and the risk of the formation and rise of an internal colonial context. The seemingly mistaken result of opacity is cultural disunity and individual self-referentialism; however, as this article explores these categories are initiatives that coalesce into an understanding of independence and the destruction of the colonial structure.

Keywords


حوزة موضوعی: ایرلند

Scope: Ireland

Adorno TW, Jones MT. (1982). “Trying to Understand Endgame”. New German Critique. 26: 119-150. https://doi.org/10.2307/488027.
Atkins A. (1967). “Lucky’s Speech in Beckett’s ‘Waiting for Godot’: A Punctuated Sense-Line Arrangement”. Educational Theatre Journal. 19(4): 426-432. https://doi.org/10.2307/3205022.
Beckett S. (2012). The Complete Dramatic Works of Samuel Beckett. London: Faber and Faber. Kindle Edition.
---------------. (2009). The Letters of Samuel Beckett. Vol. I: 1929–1940. ed. Craig G, Fehsenfeld MD, Gunn D, Overbeck LM. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ben-Zvi L. (1980). “Samuel Beckett, Fritz Mauthner, and the Limits of Language”. PMLA. 95(2): 183-200. https://doi.org/10.2307/462014.
Bixby P. (2009). Samuel Beckett and the Postcolonial Novel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brooks P. (1984). Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative. New York: Vintage.
Cambria M. (2014). “’Is it English what we speak?’ Irish English and Postcolonial Identity”. Studi Irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies. 4(4): 19-33. https://doi.org/10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-14665.
Cohn R. (2001). Just Play: Beckett’s Theater. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cronin A. (1997). Samuel Beckett: The Last Modernist. London: Flamingo.
Esslin M. (1960). “The Theater of Absurd”. The Tulane Drama Review. 4(4): 3-15.
Foucault M. (1996). “What is Critique?” in What is Enlightenment? Berkeley: University of California Press.
Glissant E. (1990). “For Opacity” in Poetics of Relation. Wing B, trans. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Gontarski SE. (2023). “A Cabinet of Curiosities: Bad Godots and Lucky’s Brain Science”. Modernism/Modernity. 7(3). https://doi.org/10.26597/mod.0247.
Hegel GWF. (2009). Phenomenology of The Spirit. Trans. Miller AV. Kindle ed., Oxford University Press.
Kane L. (1984). The Language of Silence: On the Unspoken and the Unspeakable in Modern Drama. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Kiberd D. (2017). After Ireland: Writing the Nation from Beckett to the Present. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
---------- (2005). The Irish Writer and the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Knowlson J (1996). Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett. London: Bloomsbury.
Knowlson J, Knowlson E eds. (2017). Beckett Remembering/Remembering Beckett: A Centenary Celebration. Kindle ed., New York: Arcade Publishing.
Mays JCC. (1992). “Irish Beckett: a Borderline Instance”. Beckett in Dublin. Steve Wilmer. Dublin: Lilliput Press.
Mercier V. (1977). Beckett/Beckett. London: Souvenir Press.
McDonallad R. (2009). “Groves of Blarney: Beckett's Academic Reception in Ireland”. Nordic Irish Studies. 8(1): 29-47.
Mcmullan A. (2004). “Irish/postcolonial Beckett”. Palgrave Advances in Samuel Beckett Studies. Palgrave Advances. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230504622_6.
McNaughton J. (2010). “The Politics of Aftermath: Beckett, Modernism, and the Irish Free State”. Beckett and Ireland. Ed. Kennedy S. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 56-77.
Moosavinia R, Hekmatshoar Tabari B. (2013). “Waiting for Godot is an Irish Endgame: A Postcolonial Reading of Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot and Endgame”. IJALEL. 2(1): 60-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/ijalel.v.2n.1p.60.
Moretti F. (2013). Distant Reading. London: Verso Books. Kindle Edition.
Paul-Dubois LFA. (1908). Contemporary Ireland. Dublin: Maunsel Ltd.
Public Business. - Land (Purchase Annuities Fund) Bill, 1933—Final Stages. (16 March 1933). https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1933-03-16/7/. (access: 08 April 2023)
Quigley M. (2013). Empire’s Wake: Postcolonial Irish Writing and the Politics of Modern Literary Form. New York: Fordham University Press.
Rampton B. (2016). “Foucault, Gumperz and governmentality: Interaction, power and subjectivity in the twenty-first century”. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. ed. Coupland N. Cambridge University Press.
Sardar Z. (2021). “Afterthoughts: Transnormal, the ‘new Normal’ and other Varieties of ‘Normal’ in Postnormal times”. World Futures Review. 0(0): 1-17.
Sardin P. (2020) “Samuel Beckett's maternal passion or hysteria at work in company/compagnie”. Journal of the Short Story in English. 52. http://journals.openedition.org/jsse/964.
Smyth G. (1997). The Novel and the Nation: Studies in the New Irish Fiction. London: Pluto Press.
Vogel S. (2022). “Waiting for Godot and the Racial Theater of the Absurd”. PMLA. 137(1): 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1632/S0030812921000766.